SQL

import { sql, SQL } from "bun";

// PostgreSQL (default)
const users = await sql`
  SELECT * FROM users
  WHERE active = ${true}
  LIMIT ${10}
`;

// With MySQL
const mysql = new SQL("mysql://user:pass@localhost:3306/mydb");
const mysqlResults = await mysql`
  SELECT * FROM users 
  WHERE active = ${true}
`;

// With SQLite
const sqlite = new SQL("sqlite://myapp.db");
const sqliteResults = await sqlite`
  SELECT * FROM users 
  WHERE active = ${1}
`;

import { sql } from "bun";
// Uses PostgreSQL if DATABASE_URL is not set or is a PostgreSQL URL
await sql`SELECT ...`;

import { SQL } from "bun";
const pg = new SQL("postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432/mydb");
await pg`SELECT ...`;

import { SQL } from "bun";

// MySQL connection
const mysql = new SQL("mysql://user:password@localhost:3306/database");
const mysql2 = new SQL("mysql2://user:password@localhost:3306/database"); // mysql2 protocol also works

// Using options object
const mysql3 = new SQL({
  adapter: "mysql",
  hostname: "localhost",
  port: 3306,
  database: "myapp",
  username: "dbuser",
  password: "secretpass",
});

// Works with parameters - automatically uses prepared statements
const users = await mysql`SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ${userId}`;

// Transactions work the same as PostgreSQL
await mysql.begin(async tx => {
  await tx`INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (${"Alice"})`;
  await tx`UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance - 100 WHERE user_id = ${userId}`;
});

// Bulk inserts
const newUsers = [
  { name: "Alice", email: "alice@example.com" },
  { name: "Bob", email: "bob@example.com" },
];
await mysql`INSERT INTO users ${mysql(newUsers)}`;

import { SQL } from "bun";

// In-memory database
const memory = new SQL(":memory:");
const memory2 = new SQL("sqlite://:memory:");

// File-based database
const db = new SQL("sqlite://myapp.db");

// Using options object
const db2 = new SQL({
  adapter: "sqlite",
  filename: "./data/app.db",
});

// For simple filenames, specify adapter explicitly
const db3 = new SQL("myapp.db", { adapter: "sqlite" });

import { sql } from "bun";

// Basic insert with direct values
const [user] = await sql`
  INSERT INTO users (name, email) 
  VALUES (${name}, ${email})
  RETURNING *
`;

// Using object helper for cleaner syntax
const userData = {
  name: "Alice",
  email: "alice@example.com",
};

const [newUser] = await sql`
  INSERT INTO users ${sql(userData)}
  RETURNING *
`;
// Expands to: INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES ('Alice', 'alice@example.com')

const users = [
  { name: "Alice", email: "alice@example.com" },
  { name: "Bob", email: "bob@example.com" },
  { name: "Charlie", email: "charlie@example.com" },
];

await sql`INSERT INTO users ${sql(users)}`;

const user = {
  name: "Alice",
  email: "alice@example.com",
  age: 25,
};

await sql`INSERT INTO users ${sql(user, "name", "email")}`;
// Only inserts name and email columns, ignoring other fields

const rows = await sql`SELECT * FROM users`.values();
console.log(rows);

[
  ["Alice", "alice@example.com"],
  ["Bob", "bob@example.com"],
];

const rows = await sql`SELECT * FROM users`.raw();
console.log(rows); // [[Buffer, Buffer], [Buffer, Buffer], [Buffer, Buffer]]

// Safely reference tables dynamically
await sql`SELECT * FROM ${sql("users")}`;

// With schema qualification
await sql`SELECT * FROM ${sql("public.users")}`;

// Optional WHERE clauses
const filterAge = true;
const minAge = 21;
const ageFilter = sql`AND age > ${minAge}`;
await sql`
  SELECT * FROM users
  WHERE active = ${true}
  ${filterAge ? ageFilter : sql``}
`;

await sql`UPDATE users SET ${sql(user, "name", "email")} WHERE id = ${user.id}`;
// uses all keys from the object to update the row
await sql`UPDATE users SET ${sql(user)} WHERE id = ${user.id}`;

await sql`SELECT * FROM users WHERE id IN ${sql([1, 2, 3])}`;

const users = [
  { id: 1, name: "Alice" },
  { id: 2, name: "Bob" },
  { id: 3, name: "Charlie" },
];
await sql`SELECT * FROM users WHERE id IN ${sql(users, "id")}`;

// Create array literals for PostgreSQL
await sql`INSERT INTO tags (items) VALUES (${sql.array(["red", "blue", "green"])})`;
// Generates: INSERT INTO tags (items) VALUES (ARRAY['red', 'blue', 'green'])

// Works with numeric arrays too
await sql`SELECT * FROM products WHERE ids = ANY(${sql.array([1, 2, 3])})`;
// Generates: SELECT * FROM products WHERE ids = ANY(ARRAY[1, 2, 3])

// Multiple statements in one query
await sql`
  SELECT 1;
  SELECT 2;
`.simple();

const result = await sql.file("query.sql", [1, 2, 3]);

// Multiple commands without parameters
const result = await sql.unsafe(`
  SELECT ${userColumns} FROM users;
  SELECT ${accountColumns} FROM accounts;
`);

// Using parameters (only one command is allowed)
const result = await sql.unsafe(
  "SELECT " + dangerous + " FROM users WHERE id = $1",
  [id],
);

const query = await sql`SELECT * FROM users`.execute();
setTimeout(() => query.cancel(), 100);
await query;

// These all use MySQL automatically (no adapter needed)
const sql1 = new SQL("mysql://user:pass@localhost/mydb");
const sql2 = new SQL("mysql2://user:pass@localhost:3306/mydb");

// Works with DATABASE_URL environment variable
DATABASE_URL="mysql://user:pass@localhost/mydb" bun run app.js
DATABASE_URL="mysql2://user:pass@localhost:3306/mydb" bun run app.js

// These all use SQLite automatically (no adapter needed)
const sql1 = new SQL(":memory:");
const sql2 = new SQL("sqlite://app.db");
const sql3 = new SQL("file://./database.db");

// Works with DATABASE_URL environment variable
DATABASE_URL=":memory:" bun run app.js
DATABASE_URL="sqlite://myapp.db" bun run app.js
DATABASE_URL="file://./data/app.db" bun run app.js

# PostgreSQL is detected for these patterns
DATABASE_URL="postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432/mydb" bun run app.js
DATABASE_URL="postgresql://user:pass@localhost:5432/mydb" bun run app.js

# Or any URL that doesn't match MySQL or SQLite patterns
DATABASE_URL="localhost:5432/mydb" bun run app.js

# Primary connection URL (checked first)
MYSQL_URL="mysql://user:pass@localhost:3306/mydb"

# Alternative: DATABASE_URL with MySQL protocol
DATABASE_URL="mysql://user:pass@localhost:3306/mydb"
DATABASE_URL="mysql2://user:pass@localhost:3306/mydb"

# These are all recognized as SQLite
DATABASE_URL=":memory:"
DATABASE_URL="sqlite://./app.db"
DATABASE_URL="file:///absolute/path/to/db.sqlite"

# Enable PostgreSQL preconnection
bun --sql-preconnect index.js

# Works with DATABASE_URL environment variable
DATABASE_URL=postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432/db bun --sql-preconnect index.js

# Can be combined with other runtime flags
bun --sql-preconnect --hot index.js

import { SQL } from "bun";

const db = new SQL({
  // Required for MySQL when using options object
  adapter: "mysql",

  // Connection details
  hostname: "localhost",
  port: 3306,
  database: "myapp",
  username: "dbuser",
  password: "secretpass",

  // Unix socket connection (alternative to hostname/port)
  // socket: "/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock",

  // Connection pool settings
  max: 20, // Maximum connections in pool (default: 10)
  idleTimeout: 30, // Close idle connections after 30s
  maxLifetime: 0, // Connection lifetime in seconds (0 = forever)
  connectionTimeout: 30, // Timeout when establishing new connections

  // SSL/TLS options
  tls: {
    rejectUnauthorized: true,
    ca: "path/to/ca.pem",
    key: "path/to/key.pem",
    cert: "path/to/cert.pem",
  },

  // Callbacks
  onconnect: client => {
    console.log("Connected to MySQL");
  },
  onclose: (client, err) => {
    if (err) {
      console.error("MySQL connection error:", err);
    } else {
      console.log("MySQL connection closed");
    }
  },
});

import { SQL } from "bun";

const db = new SQL({
  // Connection details (adapter is auto-detected as PostgreSQL)
  url: "postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432/dbname",

  // Alternative connection parameters
  hostname: "localhost",
  port: 5432,
  database: "myapp",
  username: "dbuser",
  password: "secretpass",

  // Connection pool settings
  max: 20, // Maximum connections in pool
  idleTimeout: 30, // Close idle connections after 30s
  maxLifetime: 0, // Connection lifetime in seconds (0 = forever)
  connectionTimeout: 30, // Timeout when establishing new connections

  // SSL/TLS options
  tls: true,
  // tls: {
  //   rejectUnauthorized: true,
  //   requestCert: true,
  //   ca: "path/to/ca.pem",
  //   key: "path/to/key.pem",
  //   cert: "path/to/cert.pem",
  //   checkServerIdentity(hostname, cert) {
  //     ...
  //   },
  // },

  // Callbacks
  onconnect: client => {
    console.log("Connected to PostgreSQL");
  },
  onclose: client => {
    console.log("PostgreSQL connection closed");
  },
});

import { SQL } from "bun";

const db = new SQL({
  // Required for SQLite
  adapter: "sqlite",
  filename: "./data/app.db", // or ":memory:" for in-memory database

  // SQLite-specific access modes
  readonly: false, // Open in read-only mode
  create: true, // Create database if it doesn't exist
  readwrite: true, // Allow read and write operations

  // SQLite data handling
  strict: true, // Enable strict mode for better type safety
  safeIntegers: false, // Use BigInt for integers exceeding JS number range

  // Callbacks
  onconnect: client => {
    console.log("SQLite database opened");
  },
  onclose: client => {
    console.log("SQLite database closed");
  },
});

import { SQL } from "bun";

const sql = new SQL(url, {
  // Other connection config
  ...
  // Password function for the database user
  password: async () => await signer.getAuthToken(),
});

const sqlite = new SQL("sqlite://app.db");

// Works the same as PostgreSQL, but executes synchronously under the hood
const users = await sqlite`SELECT * FROM users`;

// Parameters work identically
const user = await sqlite`SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ${userId}`;

const sqlite = new SQL("sqlite://app.db");

// Enable foreign keys
await sqlite`PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON`;

// Set journal mode to WAL for better concurrency
await sqlite`PRAGMA journal_mode = WAL`;

// Check integrity
const integrity = await sqlite`PRAGMA integrity_check`;

// SQLite stores data in 5 storage classes: NULL, INTEGER, REAL, TEXT, BLOB
const sqlite = new SQL("sqlite://app.db");

// SQLite is more lenient with types
await sqlite`
  CREATE TABLE flexible (
    id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
    data TEXT,        -- Can store numbers as strings
    value NUMERIC,    -- Can store integers, reals, or text
    blob BLOB         -- Binary data
  )
`;

// JavaScript values are automatically converted
await sqlite`INSERT INTO flexible VALUES (${1}, ${"text"}, ${123.45}, ${Buffer.from("binary")})`;

await sql.begin(async tx => {
  // All queries in this function run in a transaction
  await tx`INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (${"Alice"})`;
  await tx`UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance - 100 WHERE user_id = 1`;

  // Transaction automatically commits if no errors are thrown
  // Rolls back if any error occurs
});

await sql.begin(async tx => {
  return [
    tx`INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (${"Alice"})`,
    tx`UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance - 100 WHERE user_id = 1`,
  ];
});

await sql.begin(async tx => {
  await tx`INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (${"Alice"})`;

  await tx.savepoint(async sp => {
    // This part can be rolled back separately
    await sp`UPDATE users SET status = 'active'`;
    if (someCondition) {
      throw new Error("Rollback to savepoint");
    }
  });

  // Continue with transaction even if savepoint rolled back
  await tx`INSERT INTO audit_log (action) VALUES ('user_created')`;
});

// Begin a distributed transaction
await sql.beginDistributed("tx1", async tx => {
  await tx`INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (${"Alice"})`;
});

// Later, commit or rollback
await sql.commitDistributed("tx1");
// or
await sql.rollbackDistributed("tx1");

const sql = new SQL({
  hostname: "localhost",
  username: "user",
  password: "password",
  ssl: "disable", // | "prefer" | "require" | "verify-ca" | "verify-full"
});

// Using prefer mode
const sql = new SQL("postgres://user:password@localhost/mydb?sslmode=prefer");

// Using verify-full mode
const sql = new SQL(
  "postgres://user:password@localhost/mydb?sslmode=verify-full",
);

const db = new SQL({
  // Pool configuration
  max: 20, // Maximum 20 concurrent connections
  idleTimeout: 30, // Close idle connections after 30s
  maxLifetime: 3600, // Max connection lifetime 1 hour
  connectionTimeout: 10, // Connection timeout 10s
});

const sql = Bun.sql(); // no connection are created

await sql`...`; // pool is started until max is reached (if possible), first available connection is used
await sql`...`; // previous connection is reused

// two connections are used now at the same time
await Promise.all([
  sql`INSERT INTO users ${sql({ name: "Alice" })}`,
  sql`UPDATE users SET name = ${user.name} WHERE id = ${user.id}`,
]);

await sql.close(); // await all queries to finish and close all connections from the pool
await sql.close({ timeout: 5 }); // wait 5 seconds and close all connections from the pool
await sql.close({ timeout: 0 }); // close all connections from the pool immediately

// Get exclusive connection from pool
const reserved = await sql.reserve();

try {
  await reserved`INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (${"Alice"})`;
} finally {
  // Important: Release connection back to pool
  reserved.release();
}

// Or using Symbol.dispose
{
  using reserved = await sql.reserve();
  await reserved`SELECT 1`;
} // Automatically released

const sql = new SQL({
  // ... other options ...
  prepare: false, // Disable persisting named prepared statements on the server
});

import { SQL } from "bun";

try {
  await sql`SELECT * FROM users`;
} catch (error) {
  if (error instanceof SQL.PostgresError) {
    // PostgreSQL-specific error
    console.log(error.code); // PostgreSQL error code
    console.log(error.detail); // Detailed error message
    console.log(error.hint); // Helpful hint from PostgreSQL
  } else if (error instanceof SQL.SQLiteError) {
    // SQLite-specific error
    console.log(error.code); // SQLite error code (e.g., "SQLITE_CONSTRAINT")
    console.log(error.errno); // SQLite error number
    console.log(error.byteOffset); // Byte offset in SQL statement (if available)
  } else if (error instanceof SQL.SQLError) {
    // Generic SQL error (base class)
    console.log(error.message);
  }
}

import { sql } from "bun";

const [{ x, y }] = await sql`SELECT 9223372036854777 as x, 12345 as y`;

console.log(typeof x, x); // "string" "9223372036854777"
console.log(typeof y, y); // "number" 12345

const sql = new SQL({
  bigint: true,
});

const [{ x }] = await sql`SELECT 9223372036854777 as x`;

console.log(typeof x, x); // "bigint" 9223372036854777n

// This automatically creates a prepared statement on the server
const user = await mysql`SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ${userId}`;

// Prepared statements are cached and reused for identical queries
for (const id of userIds) {
  // Same prepared statement is reused
  await mysql`SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ${id}`;
}

// Query pipelining - multiple statements sent without waiting
const [users, orders, products] = await Promise.all([
  mysql`SELECT * FROM users WHERE active = ${true}`,
  mysql`SELECT * FROM orders WHERE status = ${"pending"}`,
  mysql`SELECT * FROM products WHERE in_stock = ${true}`,
]);

const mysql = new SQL("mysql://user:pass@localhost/mydb");

// Multi-statement queries with simple() method
const multiResults = await mysql`
  SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 1;
  SELECT * FROM orders WHERE user_id = 1;
`.simple();

// These attributes are sent automatically:
// _client_name: "Bun"
// _client_version: <bun version>
// You can see these in MySQL's performance_schema.session_connect_attrs

// Getting insert ID after INSERT
const result = await mysql`INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (${"Alice"})`;
console.log(result.lastInsertRowid); // MySQL's LAST_INSERT_ID()

// Handling affected rows
const updated =
  await mysql`UPDATE users SET active = ${false} WHERE age < ${18}`;
console.log(updated.affectedRows); // Number of rows updated

// Using MySQL-specific functions
const now = await mysql`SELECT NOW() as current_time`;
const uuid = await mysql`SELECT UUID() as id`;

try {
  await mysql`INSERT INTO users (email) VALUES (${"duplicate@email.com"})`;
} catch (error) {
  if (error.code === "ER_DUP_ENTRY") {
    console.log("Duplicate entry detected");
  } else if (error.code === "ER_ACCESS_DENIED_ERROR") {
    console.log("Access denied");
  } else if (error.code === "ER_BAD_DB_ERROR") {
    console.log("Database does not exist");
  }
  // MySQL error codes are compatible with mysql/mysql2 packages
}

// Call stored procedure
const results = await mysql`CALL GetUserStats(${userId}, @total_orders)`;

// Get OUT parameter
const outParam = await mysql`SELECT @total_orders as total`;

// MySQL-specific syntax works fine
await mysql`SET @user_id = ${userId}`;
await mysql`SHOW TABLES`;
await mysql`DESCRIBE users`;
await mysql`EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ${id}`;